Then they allowed him to march into the city with his soldiers. The doux was not able to break the resistance of the Antiochenes by force and granted the claimed immunity, but later he arrested eleven leaders of the Antiochenes, prominent by prestige, wealth and aristocratic birth endeka prouchontes zaplutoi andres kai genei periphaneis , and sent them to Constantinople for punishment. But after some months the emperor released the eleven Antiochenes from prison and sent them back unharmed to Antioch It is evident, that the Imperial government was anxious not to alienate the leading representatives of an important frontier city.
From the lead seals and some other remarks in the sources we know the leading aristocratic families of Antioch and the doukaton. One of the leaders of the revolt of was the patrikios Elpidios, perhaps a member of the famous Armeno-Byzantine family of the Brachamioi The last Byzantine doux of Antioch, the war lord Philaretos, was also a member of the Brachamios-family The name of the family was derived from the Greek official title libellisios from Latin libellensis , but the historian Michael Attaleiates portrayed the most famous member of the family, the magistros Petros Libellisios, as «a Syrian man by race, who was a child of great Antioch and highly trained both in the Roman wisdom and education and in that of the Saracens » aner Assy rio s men to genos, gennema tes megales Antiocheias We have a lead seal of the man, which shows that.
Another member of the family, John Libellisios, is known by his lead seals as spatharokandidatos and asekretis, then as krites tu belu, i. Originally a Muslim family from the mountains south of Antioch were the Mosaraph or Musaraph, known by a lot of lead seals from the second half of the 1 1th century Nikephoros Musaraph for example was magistros and stratelates ton Anatolikon, i. It is possible that the aristocratic family of Antiochites came from Antioch.
We have an epitaph of a Nikolaos Antiochites from Mopsuestia in Cilicia, where he died in February According to the epitaph this man was the son of an Apolpharatzi, i. Perhaps this Nikolaos is the eldest known member of the Antiochites-family. The epitaph can be an indication that the roots of the family were in the doukaton of Antioch.
To get an higher education he went as a young man to Constantinopel, where he made a great career in the civil administration, before he became a member of the patriarcal clergy of the Hagia Sophia. In emperor Constantine IX Monomachos , who himself was born in Antioch, nominated him patriarch of Antioch A very negative, but nevertheless useful characterization of the Melkite population of Antioch we find in the chronicle of the monophysite Armenian historian Matthew of Edessa : «They consider themselves Romans in faith, but in essence should be regarded as Muslims because of the language they use and because of their deeds » The inhabitants of Antioch were Greek-orthodox, but not Greek in their language and culture.
They used the Arabic language and had a lot of common manners and customs with the Muslim Arabs. The manuscripts written in Antioch and in the monasteries around the city show, that the liturgical languages mostly used in the churches of Antioch were Syriac and Arabic The literature written in Byzantine Antioch by native Antiochians was mostly Arabic.
A typical example is the deacon c Abdallah ibn al-Fadl c. Symeon Seth was probably born in Antioch and knew Arabic literary very well, but lived at the imperial court in Constantinople. Therefore his treatise peri trophon dynameon «On the faculties of food » and his translation of the Arabic version Kalila wa-Dimna of the Old Indian Pancatantra, both composed by order of the emperors Michael VII and Alexios I Komnenos , were written in Greek In Antioch only. Symeon the younger stylite 61 , the mostly unpublished works of the monk and canonist Nikon of the Black Mountain, the Hermeneiai ton theion entolon «Interpretations of the divine commandments » and the Taktikon 62, and some official documents, for example the above cited Inthronistika of patriarch Petros III, were written in Greek.
Sometimes, but not always a strong enmity existed between the Greek-orthodox Melkites and the monophysite Syrian Jacobites and the monophysite.
Armenians in Antioch. The Armenians were very numerous in Antioch and the doukaton, because the Byzantines had resettled the reconquered territories in Northern Syria with Armenian colonists, for example the Amanus, the valley of the Orontes south of the Iron Bridge, and the coastal city of Antarados.
They were very strongly represented in the Byzantine army of the 10th and 1 1th centuries, especially in the forces of the doukaton of Antioch. But not all Armenians were monophysite. In Antioch and the doukaton we find a lot of Chalcedonian Armenians in full communion with the Greek-orthodox patriarchate of Antioch Jews did surely live in Antioch and the doukaton, but are only mentioned in sources of the Crusader period.
Latins came as merchants and pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem into Antioch, where patriarch Petros III praised their devotion in the churches of Antioch Before the Amalfitan Maurus founded a hospital for pilgrims in Antioch Antioch as an ecclesiastical center in the Middle Byzantine period.
In conclusion I will make some short remarks on the situation of the Greek-orthodox patriarchate of Antioch summarizing what I had explained in three earlier studies Since the Emperor nominated the Greek-orthodox patriarchs of Antioch and since he sent members of the clergy of the Hagia Sophia or monks of the monasteries of Constantinople or Bithynia as patriarchs to Antioch. They introduced the canonical and liturgical traditions of Constantinople in Antioch In the 10th and 11th centuries the Greek-orthodox patriarchate had not the bishoprics, claimed by the author of the Gesta Francorum, but we can prove the presence of Greek-orthodox metropolitans and bishops in c.
The six ecclesiastical provinces east of the Euphrates were governed by the two katholikoi of Bagdad and Romagyris Therefore the patriarch could call himself patriarch of Great Antioch and the whole East patriarches Megales Antiocheias kai pases Anatoles.
After the reintegration of Antioch and its region into the Empire the reconstruction of existing churches and the building of new churches, before prohibited by the Islamic law, was possible. In the Life of the patriarch Christophoros it is reported, that archibishop Theodoulos of Seleucia built two new churches in. Antioch, one of them dedicated to St John Chrysostom In the archaeologists excavated a basilica with three naves in Daphne, built in the Middle Byzantine period A lot of destroyed late antique monasteries in the region west of Antioch were refounded and reconstructed, for example the monastery of St.
Symeon Stylites the Younger d. Barlaam on Mount Kassios by Georgian monks A systematic reconstruction of the city, especially her walls, her churches and monasteries made her again an urbs maxima ultra quam credi potest fortissima atque inexpu-gnabilis. Gesta Francorum et aliorum Hierosolimitanorum. The Deeds of the Franks and the other Pilgrims to Jerusalem. Hill , London , p. France, Victory in the East.
Bacharach, «The siege of Antioch : a study in military demography », War in History 6 , p. Kennedy and J. Liebeschuetz, From Diocletian to the Arab Conquest. Collected Studies, London Downey , p. Whitby, «Procopius and Antioch », in D. French and C. Lightfoot eds. Series Foss, «Syria in Transition, A.
Salibi, Syria under Islam. Empire on Trial, , Delmar , p. Kennedy, «Antioch : from Byzantium to Islam and back again », in J. Rich ed. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille, revised by Ch. Pellai II, Paris , p. Elderkin ed. Faris, «Kufic Inscriptions », in R.
Stillwell ed. Miles, «Islamic Coins », in F. Les portiques d'Antioche, Princeton , p. For the general development of Syrian cities in the early Islamic period see : H. Papadopulos, Historia tes Ekklesias tes Antiocheias, Alexandreia , p. Brandes, «Die melkitischen Patriarchen von Antiocheia im 7. Zayat, «Vie du patriarche melkite d'Antioche Christophore m. Benner, «Das chalkedonensische Patriarchat von Antiocheia in der Mitte des Jahrhunderts », in M.
Tamcke, W. Schwaigert, E. Schlarb eds. Studien zur syrischen Kirchengeschichte. Festschrift Prof. Theodorus Studita, Epistulae II ree. Fatouros , Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae Canard , p. Hild and Hg. Yahya ibn Sail'd d'Antioche, Histoire, Fase. Kratchkovsky et A. Vasiliev , Patrologia Orientalis Hasius , Bonn , p. Biittner-Wobst , Bonn , p.
Dahan , Damascus , p. Honigmann, Die Ostgrenze des byzantinischen Reiches von bis nach griechischen, arabischen, syrischen und armenischen Quellen, Brussels p. On the biography of Michael Bourtzes see J. Cheynet -J. Vannier eds. Kramers and G. Wiet , Beirut and Paris , p. Todt, «Region und griechisch-orthodoxes Patriarchat von Antiocheia in mittelbyzantinischer Zeit », Byzantinische Zeitschrift 94 , p. Yahya ibn Sac'id d'Antioche, Histoire, Fase.
View The Map Gallery. Related Content 2. Antioch Led by apostles of Jesus like Peter, Paul, and Barnabas, the Jews of Syrian Antioch birthed the earliest Christian community in blood, sweat, and tears, even as some were fleeing their own homes in Jerusalem. Antioch and the Gospel of Matthew By considering cultural history and other ancient texts, scholars tend to agree that the Gospel of Matthew may have been written in Antioch in modern-day Turkey.
A broad, diverse group of nations ruled by the government of a single nation. Of or relating to Greek culture, especially ancient Greece after Alexander the Great. Service or a religious vocation to help others. Acts 26and when he had found him, he brought him to Antioch.
Browse by subject - click on a letter below. We're planning to spend the following day immersing ourselves in the markets that supply Antakya with its ingredients, but that night we just eat. It is served in a pool of thin sugar syrup and if you like sprinkled with ground green pistachios. Once a Silk Road terminus, and always a forum of enthusiastic exchange, Antioch has markets that easily rival the fabled bazaars of Aleppo.
Antioch's god is praised in buildings ranging from Protestant, Greek, Maronite, Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches to synagogues and Shia, Sunni and Alevi mosques and shrines. These sit comfortably and naturally next to each other, just as their congregations have lived, worked and loved together for the past two thousand years.
An itinerant corset seller leaves his barrow to beckon me into the steamy subterranean baths: in the hot room is the tomb of a venerated 16th-century water-carrier. Above ground, we are introduced to the boilerman who keeps the hammam's fires stoked. Buried in the sawdust ashes are several elderly amphorae in which broad beans are slowly cooking. This hummus is jokingly called beton — concrete — as it fills you up so.
This is Abrahamic food, enjoyed in Antakya equally by all peoples of the book. There are mattress-stuffers and saddlemakers, cobblers wearing skullcaps and pale, manicured besuited jewellers.
Over tulip-shaped glasses of tannic tea we bargain for Antioch's famous laurel-oil soaps and for knives designed to slice tomatoes. Also on sale are rude catapults, kitsch slippers and walnut jam. At lunchtime locals might take parsley, onion, peppers and tomato to one of the many butchers, who for a few pennies minces them with his scimitar and mixes them with fatty lamb.
This mixture is spread into a copper tin which the baker opposite will slide into his hive-shaped wood-fired oven. We eat lentil pottages, messes of beans and salads of herbs, and witness myriad influences from the Greeks, Persians, Arabs and Turks who sought success and peace here. I never hear a harsh word, a raised voice or even a parped horn. There's much to see within striking distance of Antakya, and the spring air is clear and sunny, so we carry on following in the footsteps of Alexander and Julius Caesar, Anthony and Cleopatra who were married here , Peter and Paul, and sundry other saints, sinners, movers and shakers of the ancient world.
Harbiye is 7km south of Antakya. The Romans called the place Daphne and believed it was here that a horny Apollo pursued the nymph Daphne, who was turned into a laurel tree to escape him, her wreathed leaves later crowning victors. Today it is a deep wooded valley of sparkling cool waterfalls and bay trees, where tea is taken and shaded picnics are spread — a paradise in the sledgehammer heat of summer.
The road to Samandag mountain takes us coastwards, over foothills where wind turbines turn in lazy harmony. It was here, in the sixth century, that Saint Simeon Stylites the younger sat in devotion atop his stone column for some say 68 years. Whatever, Saint Simeon chose a heart-thumping, cloud-high view to gaze upon, and though it lies in ruins, his monastery today remains a place of deep peace.
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