Taylor, K. Number theory 1. Whitman, M. Principles of information security. Canada, Thomson Learning, Inc. Damico, T. Damico, Tony M. A Brief History of Cryptography.
The newsletter highlights recent selections from the journal and useful tips from our blog. Inquiries Journal provides undergraduate and graduate students around the world a platform for the wide dissemination of academic work over a range of core disciplines. Representing the work of students from hundreds of institutions around the globe, Inquiries Journal 's large database of academic articles is completely free.
Learn more Blog Submit. Disclaimer: content on this website is for informational purposes only. It is not intended to provide medical or other professional advice. Moreover, the views expressed here do not necessarily represent the views of Inquiries Journal or Student Pulse, its owners, staff, contributors, or affiliates.
Forgot password? Reset your password ». By Tony M. Damico , Vol. Cite References Print. Tony M. From the Inquiries Journal Blog. International Affairs » Cyber Security. Stuxnet: The World's First Cyber Defending the Cyber Realm. Monthly Newsletter Signup The newsletter highlights recent selections from the journal and useful tips from our blog.
Follow us to get updates from Inquiries Journal in your daily feed. Today, we live in the aftermath of the Internet revolution. Humanity has never before been more interconnected or had as much access to the same tools and information. As a driving force behind globalization and modern progress, the Internet enables instant communication and access to information while providing a new medium for MORE ». In June , two years after the initial discovery of the Stuxnet worm,1 an excerpt from David Sanger's then soon to be released book entitled Confront and Conceal was published in the New York Times.
There is a widespread belief that as societies and governments become increasingly reliant upon information technology, they in turn are becoming more vulnerable to a whole range of cyber-threats.
This paper provides an evaluation of the cyber-threat arguing that it deserves recognition as Cyber security is a compelling problem for scholars of International Politics. Internet technology is so thoroughly integrated into civil society, commerce, governance, critical infrastructures, intelligence collection and law enforcement that the stakeholders necessary to cyber security practices and policies are diverse and complex Follow IJ.
Latest in Computer Science Cyber Security. By Teodor Topalov Et. Today, cryptography is used to provide secrecy and integrity to our data, and both authentication and anonymity to our communications. Through the early s, cryptology was dominated by the government both because computers were very expensive and because the government released very little information.
It returned to mainstream academic and scientific communities in a sort of cryptology renaissance when the computer revolution made computers more readily available and when demand for encryption increased due to fundamental changes in the ways America communicated. The increase in demand for cryptography was driven by industry interest e. Digital communications were obvious candidates for encryption.
Modern cryptographers emphasize that security should not depend on the secrecy of the encryption method or algorithm , only the secrecy of the keys. The secret keys must not be revealed when plaintext and ciphertext are compared, and no person should have knowledge of the key. Modern algorithms are based on mathematically difficult problems - for example, prime number factorization, discrete logarithms, etc. There is no mathematical proof that these problems are in fact are hard, just empirical evidence.
Modern cryptographic algorithms are too complex to be executed by humans. Today's algorithms are executed by computers or specialized hardware devices, and in most cases are implemented in computer software.
The variant used by Caesar was a shift by 3 cipher. Each character was shifted by 3 places, so the character 'A' was replaced by 'D', 'B' was replaced by 'E', and so on.
The characters would wrap around at the end, so 'X' would be replaced by 'A'. It is easy to see that such ciphers depend on the secrecy of the system and not on the encryption key. Once the system is known, these encrypted messages can easily be decrypted. In fact, substitution ciphers can be broken by using the frequency of letters in the language.
During the 16th century, Vigenere designed a cipher that was supposedly the first cipher which used an encryption key. In one of his ciphers, the encryption key was repeated multiple times spanning the entire message, and then the cipher text was produced by adding the message character with the key character modulo Modulo, or mod, is a mathematical expression in which you calculate the remainder of a division when one number is divided by another.
As with the Caesar cipher, Vigenere's cipher can also easily be broken; however, Vigenere's cipher brought the very idea of introducing encryption keys into the picture, though it was poorly executed. Comparing this to Caesar cipher, the secrecy of the message depends on the secrecy of the encryption key, rather than the secrecy of the system. At the start of the 19th century when everything became electric, Hebern designed an electro-mechanical contraption which was called the Hebern rotor machine.
It uses a single rotor, in which the secret key is embedded in a rotating disc. The key encoded a substitution table and each key press from the keyboard resulted in the output of cipher text.
This also rotated the disc by one notch and a different table would then be used for the next plain text character. This was again broken by using letter frequencies. The Enigma machine used 3 or 4 or even more rotors.
0コメント